Nezaposlenost Mladih - Youth Unemployment

Nekoliko dana nakon povratka sa inetrnacionalnog treninga 'Zaposljenost mladih = Mladi preduzetnici' u okviru programa Youth in Action, osecam potrebu da pisem o velikom problemu danasnjice - nezaposlenosti. O nezaposlenosti mladih ljudi. 

Posto sam i sam mlad (u Srbiji se mladima smatraju ljudi od 15-35 godina), i pre treninga sam bio upoznat sa stanjem u Srbiji. Anyway, kao domaci zadatak pre pocetka treninga imali smo da pripremimo prezentaciju nezaposlenosti u Srbiji, Nacionalnoj strategiji za mlade i sl. Eto rezultata. Srbija ima prosek nezaposlenosti oko 26% pri cemu je procenat nezaposlenosti mladih nekih 47%. Sad je mozda i celih 50%. Momci i nadju neki posao, dok devojkama to teze polazi za rukom. Najveca nezaposlenost je na jugu Srbije. Srbija ima Nacionalnu strategiju za mlade koja ne daje neke rezultate. Ali bar postoji. :)

Tokom prezentacije, cuo sam da je slicna situacija i u drugim zemljama, konkretno u Rumuniji, BiH, Makedoniji, Bugarskoj i Madjarskoj. Neke od ovih zemalja cak nemaju ni Nacionalnu strategiju za mlade. Veoma zabrinjavajuci podaci. Ah, da, reakcija nekih od ovih zemalja na prezentaciju stanja u nasoj zemlji glasila je ovako: 'Huh, now we know that we are not the worst!'. Objasnjava.

Sledeci korak bila je anketa koju smo radili u Leskovu podeljeni u 5 grupa. Sama zamisao da nekog u tom gradu zaustavis i pitas bilo sta na engleskom, bugarskom ili makedonskom je za gradjane zastrasujuca i vecina odmahuhu rukom, neodgovaranje pravdaju zurbom (nakon cega nastavljaju laganu setnju) ili nemogucnoscu da odgovore zbog posla (konkretno cura je radila u prodavnici slatkisa u kojoj nije bilo zive duse). No, odgovori su bitni. 

• Vecina intervjuisanih ljudi su bili pesimisti ili cinicni optimisti po pitanju buducnosti.
• Ne koriste internet za pronalazenje posla 
• Veliki broj njih zeli da migrira u vece gradove
• Malo ko od njih ima slobodnog vremena, iako ne rade (jedna od najvecih lazi u Srbiji - nedostatak slobodnog vremena)
• Po njima jedini nacin za nalazenje posla je mito ili sex (cak smo dobili i konkretan primer toga od osobe koja je zaposlena. sta reci ?
• Vlada ne podrzava privatni sektor
• Vecina ispitanika ne zna nijednu nevladinu organizaciju iz Leskovca ili Srbiji, niti znaju ista o njihovom poslovanju i postojanju
• Neki od njih bi mozda i poceli sopstveni biznis da znaju kako i, jos bitnije, da imaju sredstva, tj da znaju gde ih mogu dobiti
• Nisu upoznati sa programom Youth in Action kao dobre prilike za volontiranje i putovanje, odnosno pomocnog sredstva za nalazenje posla

Nakon sumiranja rezultata anketa, mozemo navesti neke od razloga zasto je stanje takvo kakvo jeste.

• Pre svega pogresno planiranje drzave ili potpuni izostanak istog.

Kao primer navescu studije medicine. U svakom gradu u Srbiji ima na birou Nacionalne sluzbe za zaposljavanje ima bar deset lekara, u vecim gradovima i vise od 50. Pored te cinjenice, medicinski fakulteti svake godine upisuju nove studente medicine, njih stotinak po fakultetu (medicinskih fakulteta u Srbiji ima  vise od tri) i tako se diretno povecava nezaposlenost.

• Duzina trajanja studija nam je velika jer svrsene studente ne ceka posao i nemaju motiv da zavrse studije u roku
• Jedan od globalnih problema je sve lakse i lakse studiranje sto ce uciniti da u buducnosti svi budu jednaki, svako ce moci da zavrsi fakultet, magistrira i doktorira.
• Novi problem koji se odnosi na Srbiju je neprepoznavanje takozvanih novih poslova od strane Nacionalne sluzbe za zaposljavanje. Postoje mnogi poslovi koje u nacionalnoj sluzbi za zaposljavanje ne znaju gde da svrstaju, pa tako ljudi koji poseduju znanje iz odredjenih oblasti ne mogu doci u kontakt sa poslodavcima (i obratno) jer jednostavno ne mogu doci do njih. Procitah pre desetak dana da je takvih slucajeva oko 60.000. Sta je to za nas..
• Namesteni konkursi gde se unapred zna ko ce biti zaposljen i korupcija su svakodnevica
• Mladi ljudi nemaju jasnu viziju sta bi hteli da rade jer ih ne motivisu i ne podsticu da razvijaju to od detinjstva
• Preobimno gradivo, puno nepotrebnih podataka je nasa stara boljka. Niko ne zna sve. Ko zna sve, taj ne zna nista. 
• Zastarelo gradivo na fakultetima. U stvari, stare knjige sa novim datumima stampe.
• Nedostatak prakticnog znanja sa fakulteta.
• Takozvana 'produzena mladost'. Mladi ljudi ostaju u domovima svojih roditelja, dobijaju dzeparac i prakticno bivaju izdrzavani od strane roditelja. Nemaju zelju da napuste 'gnezdo'.
• Sve je to dovelo do manjka inicijative kod mladih
• Diskriminacija i socijalna iskljucenost su odavno poznati termini
• Bitan razlog je i pritisak roditelja. Moga deca nemaju slobodu izbora.
• Lenjost - mnogi su lenji i ne zele da rade jer dobijaju novac od drzave i porodice
• Vazan uzrok nezaposlenosti je i kriza. Nema Greenfield investicija, nema novih radnih mesta
• Pritisak drustva da se radije prihvati udoban posao, nego uzima rizik u pokretanju svog posla
• Prevelika ocekivanja. Svi bi hteli da budu gazda.
• Razocarenje nakon gubitka posla i prestanak trazenja novog.
• Ljudi ne vole velike promene u zivotu (promena grada ili drzave) sto je problem u vreme kad se ide za poslom
• Nedostatak spremnosti da stalno uce i sticu nove vestine
• Nedovoljna vera u sebe
• Nejednake mogucnosti za sve

Uh! Kao sto vidite, ima ih i previse. S toga brzo prelazim na predloge akcija koje treba preduzeti.

• Drzava mora obezbediti vise Greenfield investicija i nova radna mesta
• Univerziteti moraju pruzati vise prakticnog znanja i povecati kriterijume za upis istih. Neko mora biti i zanatlija.
• Drzava mora planirati!
• Razvitak NGO i civilnog sektora i bolja promocija istog.
• NGO sektor i neformalno obrazovanje koristiti za vracanje nedovoljno edukovanih ljudi u sistem.
• Moguce uvodjenje predmeta Preduzetnistvo u srednjim skolama (uz obuku)
• Studijka poseta lokalnih/regionalih kompanija
• Biznis inkubatori i Resurs centri za podizanje kapaciteta NGO sektora i pomaganje malim biznisima
• Bespovratna sredstva od Vlade za nove, inovativne poslovne ideje i pokretanje malih biznisa
• Motivacioni govori da se podigne moral celog naroda i da se rizikuje

Ovo je tema o kojoj se moze danima pisati i pricati, diskutovati. Ja sam hteo da vam prenesem neka zapazanja koja su, kako moja, tako i grupe koju cine 35 mladih ljudi iz celog regiona.

Za kraj, evo nekoliko motivacionih citata. Da nije sve tako sivo! :D

A few days after returning from inetrnacional TC called 'Youth employment = Youth Entrepreneurship' within the Youth in Action program, I feel the need to write about the great problems of our time - unemployment. The youth unemployment.

Since I'm young (in Serbia is considered young people of 15-35 years), even before training I was familiar with the situation in Serbia with unemployment. Anyway, as homework before the start of training, we had to prepare a presentation of unemployment in Serbia, National Strategy for the young and similar topics. Serbia has an average unemployment rate around 26% as the percentage of youth unemployment of some 47%. Now it might be as high as 50%. Guys can barely find a job, while it is harder for the girls to succeed. The highest unemployment rate is in the south of Serbia. Serbia has a National strategy for young people that does not give any results. But at least we have it. :)

During the presentation, I heard that the situation is similar in other countries, notably in Romania, Bosnia, Macedonia, Bulgaria and Hungary. Some of these countries do not even have a National Youth Strategy. Very disturbing. Ah, yes, the reaction of some of these countries to the presentation of the situation in our country is like this: 'Huh, now we know that we are not the worst'. It explains a lot.

The next step was a survey that we did in Leskovac divided into 5 groups. The idea that we can stop someone in the city and ask anything in English, Bulgarian and Macedonian language sounds like the most frightening thing for them. So, as a reaction of refusing to answer they say that they are in a hurry (after  that they continue with an easy walk) or are not in ability to respond due to work (as an example - a girl working in a sweets shop in which was no other person). However, here are the responses:

• The majority of people interviewed were pessimistic or cynical optimistic about the future.
• Do not use the Internet to find a job
• A number of them want to migrate to larger cities
• Few of them have the time off, but do not work (one of the biggest lies in Serbia - a lack of free time)
• According to them, the only way to find a job was a bribe or sex (we even get a concrete example of a person who is employed.)
• The Government does not support the private sector
• The majority of respondents did not know any NGO or from Leskovac OR Serbia, and they don't know anything about their business and the existence 
• Some of them might have started their own business if they new how and, more importantly, if they had means or knew where they can get them.
• Not familiar with the Youth in Action program as a good opportunity to volunteer and travel, and an aid in finding a job

After analyzing the survey results, we list some of the reasons why the situation is as it is.

• First of all, wrong planning of the state or the complete absence of it.As an example we present the study of medicine. In every town in Serbia has the office of the National Employment Agency has at least ten doctors in major cities and more than 50 In addition to this fact, medical schools each year enroll new students of medicine, they are one hundred per faculty (medical faculties in Serbia has more than three) and thus A direct increase unemployment.
• Duration of study is great because people who graduate don't have a job waiting for them and they  have no incentive to complete the studies in time.
• One of the global problems is getting easier and easier to study which leads us to the future where we are all equal, every single person is able to finish college, master's degree and doctorate.
• A new problem related to Serbia is failure of recognition of the so-called new jobs by the National Employment Service. There are many jobs that people who works in the NES do not know where to classify, so people who have expertise in certain areas can not come into contact with employers (and vice versa) because they just can notreach them. I read ten days ago that there are about 60,000 such cases. That's nothing for Serbia..
• Job competitions where it is known in advance who will be employed
• Corruption is common thing nowadays
• Young people do not have a clear vision of what they want to do because they are not motivated and encouraged to develop themselves childhood
• We are learning a lot od unnecessary data. No one knows everything. The one who says he knows everything, knows nothing.
• Outdated curriculum in colleges. In fact, old books with new dates of the press.
• Lack of practical knowledge of college.
• The so-called 'extended youth'. Young people stay in the homes of their parents, effectively supported by the parents with money. They have no desire to leave the 'nest'.
• All of this has led to a lack of initiative among young
• Discrimination and social exclusion are already familliar reasons for unemployment
• An important reason is the pressure of the parents. Kids do not have freedom of choice.
• Sloth - many are lazy and do not want to work because they get money from the state and family
• An important cause of unemployment is also a crisis. No Greenfield investments, no new jobs
• Social pressure to accept a comfortable job rather than take the risk of starting a business
• Inflated expectations. Everyone would like to be the boss.
• Disappointment after losing a job and stop looking for new markets.
• People do not like big changes in their lives (change city or state) 
• The lack of willingness to constantly learn and acquire new skills
• Lack of faith in yourself
• Unequal opportunities for all

Uh! As you can see, there are too many. With this fast-forwards to the proposals of actions to be taken.

• The state needs to provide more greenfield investments and new jobs
• Universities must provide more practical knowledge and increase the enrollment criteria for the same. Someone has to be a craftsman.
• The state needs to plan!
• Development NGOs and civil society and better promotion of the same.
• NGO sector and non-formal education used to restore not enough educated people in the system.
• Possible introduction of subjects of entrepreneurship in secondary schools (with training)
• Study visits to local / regional companies
• Business incubators and resource center for capacity building of the NGO sector and helping small businesses
• Grants from the government for new, innovative business ideas and start a small business
• Motivational talks to raise the morale of the whole nation and the risks

This is a subject that can be written or discussed for days. I wanted to convey to you some observations that are both mine and from the group of 35 young people from across the region.